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Volume 6 Issue 2
Apr.  2026
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Article Navigation >  Frigid Zone Medicine  > 2026  >  6(2): 76-85
Xin Wei, Yidan Huang, Yangyang Fan, Fengjuan Yang, Yunbo Zhang. Impact of non-optimal temperatures on ischemic heart disease: A comparative analysis between global SDI regions and China, 1990-2021[J]. Frigid Zone Medicine, 2026, 6(2): 76-85. doi: 10.1515/fzm-2026-0008
Citation: Xin Wei, Yidan Huang, Yangyang Fan, Fengjuan Yang, Yunbo Zhang. Impact of non-optimal temperatures on ischemic heart disease: A comparative analysis between global SDI regions and China, 1990-2021[J]. Frigid Zone Medicine, 2026, 6(2): 76-85. doi: 10.1515/fzm-2026-0008
shu

Impact of non-optimal temperatures on ischemic heart disease: A comparative analysis between global SDI regions and China, 1990-2021

doi: 10.1515/fzm-2026-0008
  • 1.

    Department of Environmental Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China

  • 2.

    Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 5A1, Canada

Funds:  Not applicable
More Information
  • Corresponding author: Yunbo Zhang, E-mail: zhangyunbo@hrbmu.edu.cn
  • Received Date: 2025-06-30
  • Accepted Date: 2025-10-27
    • Available Online: 2026-04-01
    Abstract
  •   Background  Non-optimal temperatures contribute substantially to ischemic heart disease (IHD) risk; however, comparative trends and determinants of the dual burdens associated with heat and cold exposure remain poorly understood, especially in China. This study compared the temperature-attributable burden of IHD in China with global and Socio-Demographic Index (SDI)-stratified patterns from 1990 to 2021 to identify major disparities.  Methods  Using data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study, we analyzed trends in temperature-attributable IHD trends via decomposition analysis, Joinpoint regression, and age-period-cohort modeling. Future trends through 2031 were projected using a Bayesian model.  Results  Globally, the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) attributable to non-optimal temperatures declined by 30.09%, primarily driven by reductions in the low-temperature burden. However, these improvements were largely confined to high-SDI regions, while lower-SDI regions experienced stagnant or worsening trends. In contrast, China demonstrated a 15.65% increase in overall ASMR, driven by a dual burden characterized by a marked rise in heat-related ASMR (+64.15%) and a concurrent increase in cold-related ASMR (+12.18%). Decomposition analysis identified fundamentally different driving forces between global and Chinese trends. Globally, epidemiological improvements exerted a strong protective effect (-256.56%), whereas in China, these factors contributed to an increase in per-capita risk (+169.82%). Projections to 2031 suggest these disparities are likely to persist.  Conclusion  China is facing a compounding IHD crisis driven by the combined impacts of both heat and cold exposure, representing a risk profile that differs fundamentally from global patterns. These findings highlight the urgent need for a paradigm shift toward tailored, dual-target public health strategies capable of simultaneously mitigating the adverse cardiovascular effects of both temperature extremes in vulnerable populations.

     

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