Cryopreservation as a versatile strategy for the construction and application of organoids

Organoids are three-dimensional structures derived from stem cells that recapitulate the gene expression profiles and functional characteristics of their tissue of origin, rendering them invaluable tools for disease modeling, drug screening, and precision medicine. Despite their promise, the widespread application of organoids is limited by extended culture durations and technical complexity. Cryopreservation has emerged as a critical strategy to overcome challenges related to the long-term storage and application of organoids, offering a range of preservation approaches tailored to organoid development. Nevertheless, conventional cryopreservation techniques encounter significant limitations when applied to organoids. To address these issues, the development of naturally derived, low-toxicity Cryoprotectants (CPAs), along with the optimization of CPA loading methods and refinement of cooling and warming protocols, is essential to mitigate cryoinjury. Looking forward, the comprehensive enhancement of cryopreservation technologies may facilitate the transformation of organoids into "off-the-shelf" products, enabling scalable production, batch standardization, and centralized distribution. Such advancements will lay the foundation for the establishment of Next-Generation Living Biobanks (NGLB).