The effects of cold stimulation and exercise on human health

Jie Tian; Jiangli Li; Yunbo Zhang; Fengjuan Yang

doi:10.2478/fzm-2023-0022

The effects of cold stimulation and exercise on human health

doi: 10.2478/fzm-2023-0022

Jie Tian¹,
Jiangli Li¹,
Yunbo Zhang^{1
, ,},
Fengjuan Yang^{2
, ,}

1.
Department of Environmental Hygiene, Public Health Collage, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
2.
Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4Z6, Canada

More Information

Corresponding author: Yunbo Zhang, E-mail: zhangyunbo1982@126.com; Fengjuan Yang, E-mail: fengjuan.yang2@ucalgary.ca

摘要

Abstract: Cold stimulation and exercise are two independent stimulus variables, each yielding unique impacts on human health. However, in many cases, individuals often encounter both factors simultaneously, particularly in colder regions where outdoor physical activity is prevalent. Despite numerous studies exploring the effects of cold exposure and exercise independently, only a limited number of comprehensive reviews have evaluated their combined influence on health. This review aims to bridge this gap by meticulously examining the potential benefits and detriments of both cold stimulation and exercise on human health. Specifically, the review focuses on their impacts on cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune function, as well as the favorable effects of moderate exercise on the human body. While evidence suggests that cold exposure can enhance health outcomes in certain disease contexts, it also poses risks, particularly for vulnerable populations. Furthermore, while moderate exercise is generally beneficial, engaging in physical activity in cold weather conditions can increase the risk of hypothermia, frostbite, and other cold-related injuries. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop safe and effective guidelines for exercising in cold weather, particularly for individuals living in colder regions. This review emphasizes the necessity for further research on the combined effects of cold stimulation and exercise, with the goal of informing public health policies and guidelines for physical activity in cold weather conditions.
- cold exposure /
- exercise /
- health /
- cardiovascular disease

HTML全文

Figure 1. Effect of cold stimulus on body health

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 2. Effect of exercise on body Health

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 3. The combined effect of cold stimulus and exercise on body health

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

参考文献(50)

[1]	Cao Y, Han X, Zhao X, et al. Pathogenesis and preventive measures of environment related cardiovascular disease in northern China. Frigid Zone Medicine, 2022; 2(3): 140-148. doi: 10.2478/fzm-2022-0021
[2]	Fudge J. Preventing and managing hypothermia and frostbite injury. Sports Health, 2016; 8(2): 133-139. doi: 10.1177/1941738116630542
[3]	Ikäheimo T M. Cardiovascular diseases, cold exposure and exercise. Temperature (Austin), 2018; 5(2): 123-146. doi: 10.1080/23328940.2017.1414014
[4]	Heil K, Thomas R, Robertson G, et al. Freezing and non-freezing cold weather injuries: a systematic review. Br Med Bull, 2016; 117(1): 79-93. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldw001
[5]	Valtonen R I P, Ikäheimo T M, Hintsala H E, et al. Endothelial function in response to exercise in the cold in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging, 2020; 40(4): 245-256. doi: 10.1111/cpf.12631
[6]	Castellani J W, Eglin C M, Ikäheimo T M, et al. ACSM expert consensus statement: Injury prevention and exercise performance during cold-weather exercise. Curr Sports Med Rep, 2021; 20(11): 594. doi: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000907
[7]	Chen Z, Liu P, Xia X, et al. The underlying mechanisms of cold exposure-induced ischemic stroke. Sci Total Environ, 2022; 834: 155514. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155514
[8]	Singh A, Mizdrak A, Daniel L, et al. Estimating cardiovascular health gains from eradicating indoor cold in Australia. Environ Health, 2022; 21(1): 54. doi: 10.1186/s12940-022-00865-9
[9]	Cheng Y B, Li Y, Cheng H M, et al. Central hypertension is a nonnegligible cardiovascular risk factor. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 2022; 24(9): 1174-1179. doi: 10.1111/jch.14561
[10]	Moore M N, Climie R E, Otahal P, et al. Exercise blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. J Hyperten, 2021; 39(12): 2395-2402. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002962
[11]	Greaney J L, Kenney W L, Alexander L M. Neurovascular mechanisms underlying augmented cold-induced reflex cutaneous vasoconstriction in human hypertension. J Physiol, 2017; 595(5): 1687-1698. doi: 10.1113/JP273487
[12]	Yang L, Li L, Lewington S, et al. Outdoor temperature, blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease mortality among 23 000 individuals with diagnosed cardiovascular diseases from China. Eur Heart J, 2015; 36(19): 1178-1185. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv023
[13]	Chen R, Miao F, Zheng J, et al. Effects of consecutive moderately cold days on cardiovascular disease mortality in Shenzhen, China: A preliminary study. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2018; 2018: 1148-1151.
[14]	Wang B, Liu J, Lei R, et al. Cold exposure, gut microbiota, and hypertension: A mechanistic study. Sci Total Environ, 2022; 833: 155199. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155199
[15]	Al-ayadhi L Y, Korish A A, Al-tuwaijri A S. The effect of vitamin E, L-arginine, N-nitro L-arginine methyl ester and forskolin on endocrine and metabolic changes of rats exposed to acute cold stress. Saudi Med J, 2006; 27(1): 17-22.
[16]	Scheerens C, Nurhussien L, Aglan A, et al. The impact of personal and outdoor temperature exposure during cold and warm seasons on lung function and respiratory symptoms in COPD. ERJ Open Res, 2022; 8(1): 00574-02021.
[17]	Kennedy M D, Steel E A R, Parent E C, et al. Cold air exercise screening for exercise induced bronchoconstriction in cold weather athletes. Respir Physiol Neurobiol, 2019; 269: 103262. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103262
[18]	Liu H, Hua L, Liu Q, et al. Cold stimuli facilitate inflammatory responses through transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) in primary airway epithelial cells of asthmatic mice. Inflammation, 2018; 41(4): 1266-1275. doi: 10.1007/s10753-018-0774-y
[19]	Song H, Xu D, Tian L, et al. Overwinter mortality in yellow drum (Nibea albiflora): Insights from growth and immune responses to cold and starvation stress. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2019; 92: 341-347. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.030
[20]	Dellagostin E N, Martins A W S, Blödorn E B, et al. Chronic cold exposure modulates genes related to feeding and immune system in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2022; 128: 269-278. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.075
[21]	Straat M E, Martinez-tellez B, Janssen L G M, et al. The effect of cold exposure on circulating transcript levels of immune genes in Dutch South Asian and Dutch Europid men. J Therm Biol, 2022; 107: 103259. doi: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103259
[22]	Alam M M, Mahtab A S M, Ahmed M R, et al. Developing a cold-related mortality database in Bangladesh. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022; 19(19): 12175. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191912175
[23]	Garner J M, Iwasko W C, Jewel T D, et al. A multihazard assessment of age-related weather vulnerabilities. Sci Total Environ, 2020; 12(3): 367-386.
[24]	Malik P, Bhardwaj P, Singh O. Distribution of cold wave mortalities over India: 1978-2014. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct, 2020; 51: 101841. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101841
[25]	Wu N, Bredin S S D, Jamnik V K, et al. Association between physical activity level and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents living with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 2021; 20(1): 62. doi: 10.1186/s12933-021-01255-0
[26]	Valtonen R I P, Kiviniemi A, Hintsala H E, et al. Cardiovascular responses to cold and submaximal exercise in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2018; 315(4): R768-R776. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00069.2018
[27]	Marzetti E, Calvani R, Tosato M, et al. Physical activity and exercise as countermeasures to physical frailty and sarcopenia. Aging Clin Exp Res, 2017; 29(1): 35-42. doi: 10.1007/s40520-016-0705-4
[28]	Lavie C J, Ozemek C, Carbone S, et al. Sedentary behavior, exercise, and cardiovascular health. Circ Res, 2019; 124(5): 799-815. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312669
[29]	Ozemek C, Laddu D R, Lavie C J, et al. An update on the role of cardiorespiratory fitness, structured exercise and lifestyle physical activity in preventing cardiovascular disease and health risk. Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 2018; 61(5-6): 484-490. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2018.11.005
[30]	Wu N N, Tian H, Chen P, et al. Physical exercise and selective autophagy: Benefit and risk on cardiovascular health. Cells, 2019; 8(11): 1436. doi: 10.3390/cells8111436
[31]	Boulghobra D, Dubois M, Alpha-Bazin B, et al. Increased protein S-nitrosylation in mitochondria: a key mechanism of exercise-induced cardioprotection. Basic Res Cardiol, 2021; 116(1): 66. doi: 10.1007/s00395-021-00906-3
[32]	Schuler G, Adams V, Goto Y. Role of exercise in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: results, mechanisms, and new perspectives. Eur Heart J, 2013; 34(24): 1790-1799. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht111
[33]	Fiuza-Luces C, Santos-Lozano A, Joyner M, et al. Exercise benefits in cardiovascular disease: beyond attenuation of traditional risk factors. Nat Rev Cardiol, 2018; 15(12): 731-743. doi: 10.1038/s41569-018-0065-1
[34]	Saeed S A, Cunningham K, Bloch R M. Depression and Anxiety Disorders: Benefits of Exercise, Yoga, and Meditation. Am Fam Physician, 2019; 99(10): 620-627.
[35]	Carek P J, Laibstain S E, Carek S M. Exercise for the treatment of depression and anxiety. Int J Psychiatry Med, 2011; 41(1): 15-28. doi: 10.2190/PM.41.1.c
[36]	Saeed S A, Antonacci D J, Bloch R M. Exercise, yoga, and meditation for depressive and anxiety disorders. Am Fam Physician, 2010; 81(8): 981-986.
[37]	López-Torres Hidalgo J; DEP-EXERCISE Group. Effectiveness of physical exercise in the treatment of depression in older adults as an alternative to antidepressant drugs in primary care. BMC Psychiatry, 2019; 19(1): 21. doi: 10.1186/s12888-018-1982-6
[38]	Lin T W, Kuo Y M. Exercise benefits brain function: the monoamine connection. Brain Sci, 2013; 3(1): 39-53.
[39]	Ignácio Z M, da Silva R S, Plissari M E, et al. Physical exercise and neuroinflammation in major depressive disorder. Mol Neurobiol, 2019; 56(12): 8323-8335. doi: 10.1007/s12035-019-01670-1
[40]	Wang J, Liu S, Li G, et al. Exercise regulates the immune system. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2020; 1228: 395-408.
[41]	Supriya R, Gao Y, Gu Y, et al. Role of exercise intensity on Th1/Th2 immune modulations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Immunol, 2021; 12: 761382. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761382
[42]	Salimans L, Liberman K, Njemini R, et al. The effect of resistance exercise on the immune cell function in humans: A systematic review. Exp Gerontol, 2022; 164: 111822. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111822
[43]	Gao H M, Gao X, Ma B X, et al. Long-term risks of cardiac and cerebral vascular diseases increased following winter swimming in the cold seawater. Int J Cardiol, 2014; 177(2): 701-702. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.09.145
[44]	Knechtle B, Waśkiewicz Z, Sousa C V, et al. Cold water swimming-benefits and risks: A narrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020; 17(23): 8984. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17238984
[45]	Esperland D, de Weerd L, Mercer J B. Health effects of voluntary exposure to cold water - a continuing subject of debate. Int J Circumpolar Health, 2022; 81(1): 2111789. doi: 10.1080/22423982.2022.2111789
[46]	Kim K, Suzuki K, Peake J, et al. Physiological and leukocyte subset responses to exercise and cold exposure in cold-acclimatized skaters. Biol Sport, 2014; 31(1): 39-48. doi: 10.5604/20831862.1086731
[47]	Jiang S, Bae J H, Wang Y, et al. The potential roles of myokines in adipose tissue metabolism with exercise and cold exposure. Int J Mol Sci, 2022; 23(19): 11523. doi: 10.3390/ijms231911523
[48]	Acosta F M, Martinez-Tellez B, Sanchez-Delgado G, et al. Association of objectively measured physical activity with brown adipose tissue volume and activity in young adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2019; 104(2): 223-233.
[49]	Meng Y, Chen L, Lin W, et al. Exercise reverses the alterations in gut microbiota upon cold exposure and promotes cold-induced weight loss. Front Physiol, 2020; 11: 311. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00311
[50]	Jett D M, Adams K J, Stamford B A. Cold exposure and exercise metabolism. Sports Med, 2006; 36(8): 643-656. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200636080-00002