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Pharmacodynamics of frigid zone plant Taxus cuspidata S. et Z. against skin melanin deposition, oxidation, inflammation and allergy
doi: 10.2478/fzm-2023-0007
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Abstract:
Background Taxus cuspidata S. et Z. is a precious species of frigid zone plant belonging to the Taxaceae family, which possesses anticancer, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and antibacterial pharmacological properties. While taxane extracted from Taxus chinensis has been reported to elicit antioxidant activities, whether Taxus cuspidata S. et Z. has skin-protective actions against injuries remained unknown. This study aims to explore the pharmacological effects of three Taxus extracts on skin melanin deposition, oxidation, inflammation, and allergy so as to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of various diseases related to skin damage. Methods Skin melanin deposition was evaluated by measuring melanin content in the skin of guinea pigs by alkali lysis method. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated by measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration and glutathione (GSH) content in skin tissue homogenates of Kunming mice by SOD assay kit and micro reduced GSH assay kit. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting were used to examine the levels of both SOD and recombinant glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Skin inflammation was evaluated by xylene-induced ear swelling test and egg-white-induced paw swelling test in mice. In a mouse model of skin allergy induced by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), allergy was determined by licking body counts and histamine concentrations in tissue homogenates using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Two proinflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β were measured by qRT-PCR. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was conducted to assess the degree of skin lesion. Results All three Taxus extracts including Taxus chinensis essential oil, Taxus chinensis extract and Taxus chinensis extract compound reduced the melanin deposits in the back skin relative to the non-treated control animals, of which Taxus chinensis essential oil produced the greatest effect. In contrast, the three Taxus extracts elevated SOD and GSH levels in the skin tissues, and the highest increase was seen with Taxus chinensis essential oil. Three Taxus extracts, especially Taxus chinensis essential oil, effectively reduce the rate of ear and paw swelling. All three Taxus extracts reduced the number of body licks, the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, and the histamine content in tissue homogenates of mice and alleviated skin damage. Consistently, Taxus chinensis essential oil yielded the greatest magnitude of decreases. Conclusion While all three Taxus extracts possessed the anti-skin melanin deposition, oxidation, and allergy properties, Taxus chinensis essential oil produced the superior effects. -
Key words:
- Taxus cuspidata S. et Z. /
- skin melanin deposition /
- oxidation /
- inflammation /
- allergy
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Figure 1. Anti skin melanin deposition effect of three Taxus chinensis extracts (N = 6)
(A) Representative images of guinea pigs in each group after 28 days of administration; (B) Melanin content of back skin of guinea pigs in each group after 28 days of administration; Data represent the mean ± SE; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 vs. Control group; #P < 0.05 vs. Taxus chinensis essential oil group.
Figure 2. Anti skin oxidation effect of three Taxus chinensis extracts (N = 3-5)
(A)Representative images of Kunming mice in each group after 7 days of drug administration; (B) SOD content in the skin tissue homogenates of mice in each group; (C)GSH content of in the skin tissue homogenates of mice in each group; (D) (E) mRNA level of SOD and GPX4 in the skin tissue of each group were tested; (F) Protein relative level of GPX4 in the skin tissue of each group were tested; Data represent the mean ± SE; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 vs. Control group; #P < 0.05; ##P < 0.01; ###P < 0.001 vs. DNCB group; DNCB, dinitrochlorobenzene; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GPX4, Glutathione Peroxidase 4; GSH, glutathione.
Figure 3. Anti skin inflammation effect of three Taxus chinensis extracts (N ≥ 3)
(A) Representative ears photos of mice in each group after 30 minutes of inflammation induction; (B) Ear swelling rate of mice in each group after 30 minutes of inflammation induction; (C-G) Swelling rate of mice toes at different time points post inflammation induction; Data represent the mean ± SE; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 vs. Control group; #P < 0.05 vs. Taxus chinensis essential oil group.
Figure 4. Anti skin allergy effect of three Taxus chinensis extracts (N = 5-7)
(A)Representative skin photos of mice in each group after 4-AP injected to induce allergy; (B) Pathological changes of skin tissue were observed by HE staining in each group (bar = 20 μm); (C) Body licking times of mice in each group within 10 minutes after allergic stimulation; (D) Histamine content in the skin tissue homogenates of mice in each group; (E) (F) mRNA level of SOD and GPX4 in the skin tissue of each group were tested; Data represent the mean ± SE; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 vs. Control group; #P < 0.05; ##P < 0.01; ###P < 0.001 vs. 4-AP group; 4-AP, 4-aminopyridine; DNCB, dinitrochlorobenzene; HE, hematoxylin and eosin; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GPX4, Glutathione Peroxidase 4; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, Interleukin.
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